A government bond is a debt instrument issued by the Central and State Governments of India. Issuance of such bonds occur when the issuing body (Central or State governments) faces a liquidity crisis and requires funds for the purpose of infrastructure development.
Government bond in India is essentially a contract between the issuer and the investor, wherein the issuer guarantees interest earnings on the face value of bonds held by investors along with repayment of the principal value on a stipulated date.
Government Bonds India, fall under the broad category of government securities (G-Sec) and are primarily long term investment tools issued for periods ranging from 5 to 40 years. It can be issued by both Central and State governments of India. Government bonds issued by State Governments are also called State Development Loans (SDLs).
Initially, most G-Secs were issued for the purpose of large investors, such as companies and commercial banks. However, eventually, GOI made government securities available to smaller investors such as individual investors, co-operative banks, etc.
There are multiple variants of bonds issued by GOI and State Governments which cater to the various investment objectives of investors. The Government Bond interest rates, also called a coupon, can either be fixed or floating and disbursed on a semi-annual basis. In most cases, GOI issues bonds at a fixed coupon rate in the market.
The multiple variants of Government bonds are discussed below –
Government bonds of this nature come with a fixed rate of interest which remains constant throughout the tenure of investment irrespective of fluctuating market rates.
The coupon on a Government Bond is mentioned in the nomenclature. For instance, 7% GOI 2021 means the following
| Rate of interest on face value | 7% |
| Issuer | Government of India |
| Maturity year | 2021 |
As the name suggests, FRBs are subject to periodic changes in rate of returns. The change in rates is undertaken at intervals which are declared beforehand during the issuance of such bonds. For instance, an FRB could have a pre-announced interval of 6 months; which means interest rates on it would be re-set every six months throughout the tenure.
There is another variant to FRBs, wherein the rate of interest rate is bifurcated into two components: a base rate and a fixed spread. This spread is decided through auction and remains constant throughout the maturity tenure.
The Central Government issues sovereign Gold Bonds, wherein entities can invest in gold for an extended period through such bonds, without the burden of investing in physical gold. The interest earned on such bonds is exempted from tax.
Prices of such bonds are linked with gold’s prices. The nominal value of SGBs is reached by calculating the simple average of closing prices of 99.99% purity gold, three days preceding such bonds’ issuance. SGBs are also denominated in terms of one gram of gold.
As per RBI regulations, there are individual ceilings concerning SGB possession for different entities. Individuals and Hindu Undivided Families can only hold up to 4 kg of Sovereign Gold Bonds in a financial year. Trusts and other relevant entities can hold up to 20 kg if SGBs during a similar time frame. Interest at 2.50% is disbursed periodically on such SGBs and has a fixed maturity period of 8 years unless stated otherwise. Also, no tax is levied on interest earnings through such SGBs.
Investors seeking liquidity from such bonds shall need to wait for the first five years to redeem them. However, redemption shall only take effect on the date of subsequent interest disbursal.
Assuming that Mr A invested in an SGB on 1st April 2014, interest disbursals are set on 1st May 2014 and every six months from thereon. In case he decides to withdraw it on 1st June 2019, he shall need to wait till 1st November 2019(interest disbursal date) to receive the redemption amount.
It is a unique financial instrument, wherein the principal, as well as the interest earned on such bond, is accorded with inflation. Mainly issued for retail investors, these bonds are indexed as per the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Such IIBs ensure real returns accrued with such investments remain constant, thereby allowing investors to safeguard their portfolio against inflation rates.
Another variant of such inflation-adjusted securities is Capital Indexed Bond. However, unlike IIBs, only the capital or principal proportion of balance is accorded with an inflation index.
This G-Sec was introduced as a replacement to the 8% Savings Bond in 2018. As noted from its nomenclature, the interest rate of such bonds is set at 7.75%. As per RBI regulations, these bonds can only be held by –
Interest earnings from such bonds are taxable under the Income Tax Act 1961 as per the investors’ applicable income tax slab. The minimum amount at which these bonds are issued is Rs. 1000 and in multiples of Rs. 1000 thereof.
The distinguishing feature of this type of bonds is the issuer enjoys the right to buy-back such bonds (call option) or the investor can exercise its right to sell (put option) them to such issuer. This transaction shall only take place on a date of interest disbursal.
Participating entities, i.e. the government and investor can only exercise their rights after the lapse of 5 years from its issuance date. This type of bonds might come with either –
In any case, the government can buy back its bonds at face value. Similarly, investors can sell such bonds to the issuer at face value. This ensures the preservation of the corpus invested in case of any downturn of the stock market.
As the name suggests, Zero-Coupon Bonds do not earn any interest. Earnings from Zero-Coupon Bonds arise from the difference in issuance price (at a discount) and redemption value (at par). This type of bonds are not issued through auction but rather created from existing securities.
Government Bonds enjoy a premium status with respect to the stability of funds and promise of assured returns. As G-Secs are a form of a formal declaration of Government’s debt obligation, it implies the issuing governmental body’s liability to repay as per the stipulated terms.
Balances held in Inflation-Indexed Bonds are adjusted against increasing average price level. Other than that, the principal amount invested in Capital Indexed Bonds is also adjusted against inflation. This feature provides an edge to investors as they are less susceptible to be financially undermined as investing in such funds increase the real value of the deposited funds.
As per RBI regulations, interest earnings accrued on Government Bonds are supposed to be disbursed every six months to such debt holders. It provides investors with an opportunity to earn regular income by investing their idle funds.
Other than 7.75% GOI Savings Bond, interest earnings on other types of bonds are relatively lower.
As Government Bonds are long-term investment options with maturity tenure ranging from 5 – 40 years, it can lose relevancy over time. It means such bonds value loses relevance in the face of inflation, barring IIBs and Capital Indexed Bonds.
Government Bonds are one of the most secure forms of investment in India attributed to its Sovereign guarantee. Risk-averse investors who prefer superlative security of their investments devoid of uncertainty created present in market-linked instruments can look to invest in this type of securities. It is also a suitable long term investment option for entities that do not have experience in investing in stock market tools.
Individuals seeking to dilute the risk factor in their overall investment portfolio while also ascertaining higher than average returns on their investments can allocate a stipulated portion of their corpus for investment in Government Bonds as well.
The Indian government has undertaken several measures to ensure that G-Secs gain understanding and popularity among retail investors at the same time simplifying methods of subscription for retail investors.
For instance, it has introduced the system of Non-Competitive Bidding for certain G-Secs, including Government Bonds. Through the facility of NCB or Non-Competitive Bidding, investors can conveniently bid and invest through select websites and mobile applications provided they have a functional Demat account.
Hence, entities seeking to dilute or diversify their investment portfolio or starting their venture as investors can consider investing in government bonds, the excess corpus they have.
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